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喷油器滴油 当喷油器工作时,针阀体的密封锥面会受到针阀频繁的强力冲击,再加上高压油流不断地从该处喷射出去,锥面会逐渐出现刻痕或斑点,从而丧失密封,造成喷油器滴油。当柴油机温度低时,排气管冒白烟,机温上升后则变成黑烟,排气管会发出不规则的放炮声。此时若停止向该缸供油,排烟和放炮声就会消失。这时可拆开喷油器,在针阀头部沾少许氧化铬细研磨膏(注意不可沾在针阀孔内)对锥面进行研磨,用柴油洗净,装入喷油器试验。若仍不合格,则需更换针阀偶件。2.2 喷油器雾化不良 当喷油压力过低,喷孔磨损有积碳,弹簧端面磨损或弹力下降时,都会致使喷油器提前开启,延迟关闭,并形成喷油雾化不良的现象。若是单缸柴油机就不能工作,多缸柴油机则功率下降,排气冒黑烟,机器运转声也不正常。由于粒径过大的柴油雾滴不能充分燃烧,便顺缸壁流入积油盘,使机油油面增高,粘度下降,润滑恶化,还可能引起烧瓦拉缸的事故。此时应将喷油器拆开清洗,检修,重新调试。2.3 喷孔扩大 由于高压油流不断地喷射冲刷,针阀喷孔会逐渐磨大,导致喷油压力下降,喷射距离缩短,柴油雾化不良,缸内积碳随之增加。单孔轴针式喷油器孔径一般大于1mm,可在孔端放一颗直径为4~5mm的钢球,用锤轻轻敲击,使喷孔局部发生塑性变形而缩小孔径。多孔直喷式喷油器由于孔数多,孔径小,只能用高速钢磨制的冲样在孔端轻轻敲击,若经调试仍不合格,则应更换针阀偶件。2.4 针阀咬死 柴油中的水分或酸性物质会使针阀锈蚀而被卡住,针阀密封锥面受损后,缸内可燃气体也会窜入配合面中形成积碳,使针阀咬死,喷油器便失去喷油作用,致使该缸停止工作。可将针阀偶件置于废机油中加热至沸腾冒烟为止,取出,用垫着软布的手钳夹住针阀尾部慢慢活动,将其抽出沾上清洁机油,让针阀在阀体内反复活动研磨,直到把针阀偶件倒置时针阀能从阀体内自行缓缓退出为止。若装入喷油器试验不合格,则应更换针阀偶件。